INPUT OUTPUT ARRANGEMENT- 5 MARKS

INPUT OUTPUT QUESTIONS

                        

 Input Output Questions

These types of questions regularly come in the competitive examinations. Although they may look complex but they are not so tough. Only factor in that they are time-consuming and time is premium in a competitive test these days.

What is this?

Generally one is asked to imagine that there is some kind of computer or Machine. This machine have to given a instruction to perform certain kind of action in each step after that is gave a desire output.

Consider the following  Input Output Questions problem

Input  :   Sale   data  18  23  for  95  then  38

Step I :  data  sale  18  23  for  95  then  38

Step II :  data  95  sale  18  23  for  then  38

Step III :  data  95  for  sale  18  23  then  38

Step IV :  data  95  for  38  sale  18  23  then

Step V :  data  95  for  38  sale  23  18  then

Step VI :  data  95  for  38  sale  23  then  18

And step VI is last step

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Now short approach to solve this is not to see whole pattern but directly see the last step. Generally it will arrange words according to dictionary in forward or reverse manner and digits also in ascending or descending form. It could be any pattern given by the examiner, but in almost all cases you will be able to figure out the pattern by watching the last step only

In this question we can see in last step that ENGLISH alphabets are in dictionary order starting from

A to Z and numbers are in descending order, so our half work is done… as we know the pattern of the arrangement i.e. first an english letter with higher order, then highest number, then english letter in ascending number, then number just less than highest number and so on…….

One more step is to see that words are arranged in each step by shifting or swaping

Shifting : shifting means tat desire numberor alphabet comes to its place and all the words and letters are shifted as it is after that word

For eg:

data  goat solo eat her zoo

now eat has to come before goat so we shift it as

data eat (goat solo her zoo) arranged as it is

Swapping : In this type one word is replaced by other one

For eg

Data goat solo eat her zoo

We swap it as

Data eat solo goat her zoo

(here eat and goat are interchanged)

Now as per the present scenario we mostly have shifting type of pattern and we have a short trick for it to find answers of question!!!

If it is given in question that Second step of input is so and so find fifth step, so in these question instead of solving it completely, we can see that if given step is second step so AT LEAST two words are already arranged  so look at the given stucture that if 2 or 3 or how many words are arranged after that instead of writing it step by step cut the words with PENCIL which are arranged and then cut the next word which should come next and increase the counter of the steps i.e. step 3 in your mind, then cut next word that should come in the arrangement and increase step counter. One thing that is to be noted that is you should not worry about the arrangement that should come after shifting because after cutting the word in the arrangement, the uncut words will always make correct pattern after shifting.

In some cases the required word or number which is to be arranged is first letter in the first letter of the resulting arrangement, in this case we will cut the word or number but we will not increase the step counter as we do not have to shift it anywhere, it was already at its place.

For eg:

It is given that first step of the arrangement is

Data eat solo goat her zoo

Then according to the rule at least one word is already in its place i.e. data is in its correct place, now we check the next letter EAT, and we find that this too is on its correct place so 2 letters are already arranged.

Data eat solo goat her zoo (Step I)

so we first cut these words and proceed forward to check out next letter in the arrangement, and we find that next letter should be GOAT, so we cut it and increase the step counter so it will be our Step II.

Data eat solo goat her zoo (Step II)

Then next word should be HER so we cut that letter and increase the counter by one and it becomes step number III

Data eat solo goat her zoo (Step III)

After step III we find our next letter of the arrangement which should be SOLO, so we will cut that letter BUT COUNTER FOR STEP NUMBER WILL NOT INCREASE because it is already in its place. So we are still on step III.

Data eat solo goat her zoo (Step III)

After this we will look out for next letter which is ZOO, so we will cut it and this time also we will not increase the step counter as it is also on its correct place.

Data eat solo goat her zoo (Step III)

* Generally there is a question in which it is asked that step III or any step of the arrangement is so and so, then he asks any of the previous steps than step III or whichever step is given, step I or step II in this case. In these question the answer will be CANNOT BE DETERMINED.

Explanation : For these type of question answer will be CBD as we can see in above example also that the word which is to be arranged can come from any where i.e. its position could be anywhere in the given pattern before actual arrangement, we can see that goat comes before solo in the above example after actual arrangement, but in the provided input it was after SOLO, so position of any word cannot be determined in previous step and hence we cannot find pattern of previous step.

Shortcut Guideline to solve Input Output Questions

(1) 1^st see output then input because without knowing what is final result you may be confused.

Let suppose there is a pen it made  with ink, nib, plastic cover etc. first if you will see the pen then you imagine how this pen made. Otherwise you have to give ink, nib plastic cover than you not imagine what happened. 

So, 1^st step should be see the output.

(2) 2^nd step is the ‘see input’.

(3) 3^rd step is ‘see other steps that how the output formed’.

Remember for Input Output Questions

(1) We cannot find previous step means if 5^th step or 4^th step is given and we have to find out 3^rd, 2^nd and input. Then we cannot find it. So, our answer will be Cannot be determined

ARGUMENT STATEMENT QUESTION -APPROACH (5 MARKS)

How Strong is/are Your Argument(s)? 

                             

                                  
‘Strong arguments’ are directly related to the question.
‘Weak arguments’ are not directly related to the question.

In these questions, a statement is followed by two arguments. A strong argument is that which touches 7 the practical and real aspect of the situation as described in the statement. A weak argument is very simple, superfluous and long drawn one. Candidates are required to distinguish between the strong and weak arguments.
Steps to Mark Strong or Weak, Arguments

1. A strong argument should relate with the statement and be supported by facts or established notions, but it should not be a factual statement. 

Situation 1

Statement: Rural tourism should be encouraged in rural areas

. Arguments

 I. Yes, rural people are creative

.
2 Yes, this would help to solve problems of unemployment to some extent.

Argument I is a factual statement. It may be true or may not be true. So, it is a weak argument. 

Argument
II gives a strong reason for promotion of rural tourism. So, it is a strong argument. 8

2. A strong argument should give the deep analysis of the topic dealt within the statement. 

Situation 2

Statement: Traditional culture should be preferred to modern culture. Argument No, both have their good points as well as bad points.

The argument above is a super fluous one. It does not give any analysis of the core of the topic. It gives no reasons. Hence, it is a weak argument.

3. A strong argument gives the realistic diagnosis of the situation described in the statement.

Situation 3

Statement: Nuclear families are better than joint families.

Argument: No, joint families ensure security and also reduce the burden of work.

Above argument provides a realistic diagnosis of the situation given in the question. So, it is a strong
argument.

4. The argument must be judged as an argument not as an opinion.

 
Situation 4

 
Statement: Should India be declared a ‘developed country’?

 
Argument: Yes, why not.

The argument is in the form of a counter-question, which shows it is an opinion of the author, without
any strong’ reason. Hence, this is not a strong’ argument.

5. A strong argument should not be mere reiteration of the situation given in the statement.

6. Whenever any argument is followed by ‘only’, then that is generally a weak argument as that may not be only possible case.

Situation 5 

Statement: All the rivers should be connected.

Arguments 

I. Yes, this is the only way of checking floods.

2. Yes, this will prove very helpful for irrigation.

Argument I is a weak argument due to the use of word ‘only’. There may be other ways to check floods also. So, it is a weak argument. II is a strong argument as it is providing sufficient reason in favor of the situation.

7. Whenever any argument covers a mass or the government or higher authority then you cannot direct them. So, in these cases if the argument is followed by ‘must’, then that is generally a weak argument. But a person on higher post may direct and instruct his/her subordinates (or mass).

 
Situation 6

Statement: Social and financial inclusion are Two very important and fruitful steps for reducing the gap between various classes

.
Arguments

I. Yes, government must take all possible steps to ensure    this.

II. Yes, government should encourage and promote this.

Argument is a weak argument as government cannot be forced to take any step. We should keep faith in the governance process. So, due to use of word must’, it is a weak argument. II is a strong argument. II says that government should encourage this.

This is the right way of arguments, with a person on higher authority, with the use of word ‘should’

.

8. Whenever instead of saying anything about the statement, some other ways or some alternate options are provided in the argument, then that is a weak argument.

 
Situation 7 

Statement: India should go for more nuclear power plants.

Arguments:

I. Yes, it is safe and efficient.
2. No, India should go for more hydro-power plants.

Argument II is a weak argument as it is providing an alternate option instead of arguing for or against the statement. us a strong argument as it is in favour of the statement and providing solid reasons for the statement.

9. Whenever any argument is based on the comparisons, like comparison with other country etc, then that argument is a weak one.

Situation 8

Statement:- India should adopt one child policy.

Arguments:

I. No, this is not possible

.
2. Yes, China has adopted this policy, so we should adopt this.

Argument II is based on the comparison but the condition of India is different from China, so it is not right to go for comparisons. Hence II is a weak argument. is also weak as it does not provide a valid reason for the argument.

10. An argument must contain a conclusion. It should either support the statement or should be against the statement.

Situation 9

Statement The aim of education system is to inspire young minds and develop their capabilities. 

Arguments

I. Yes, this is the best way to prepare young ones for the  future.
II. No, there are many other ways also.

Here argument I is supporting the statement and is in co-ordinance with the sense of the statement. On the basis of II, no conclusion can be drawn. So, it is a weak argument and I is a strong one.

11. An argument can be valid without being true in real world. So, you should go with the question without interpreting anything by yourself. For example-All birds can fly. An ostrich is a bird. So, according to the statement an ostrich can fly. Your answer should be this only.

12. Ambiguous arguments are weak arguments. In such statements, the writer’s intention is not clear and their is no co-relation between the statement and the arguments and course of action. 

Situation 10

Statement: One should enjoy life because tomorrow one has to die.
Argument: No, instead one should strive to achieve a goal rather than think of death as a goal.

Here the argument is ambiguous. Both statement and argument are different and unrelated. Argument
is not related to the statement and only a hint of it is made. So, it is a weak argument.

13. An argument is a strong argument, if it is a scientifically and universally established and accepted fact.

Situations 11

Statement: Smoking should be banned in India. 

Argument Yes, it causes and mouth-ulcers

.
Here, the argument is an established fact. So, it is a strong’ argument.

14. Universally accepted experiences and examples are ‘strong’ arguments.

 
Situation 12

Statement Should there be free trade between countries?
Argument No, the poor countries are likely to be exploited  by the rich.

 
The argument above is a universally accepted experience’ and it has been proved in the past, so, it is a
strong argument.

15. An argument is a weak argument, if it violates the prevailing notions of truth. 

Situation 13

Statement: Love marriages in the same clan should be allowed.
Argument: Yes, if both are mature and willing, then they cannot be prohibited from doing it.

The argument above violates the prevailing notions of truth that marriages in same clan is not
possible’ and promotes incest, so it is a weak argument’.

16. An individual’s perceptions or assumptions are ‘weak’ arguments. Assertions are also ‘weak’ arguments. 

Situation 14

Statement  Cottage industries should be promoted in villages.

Argument  Yes, rural people are creative

.
The argument for the statement is a mere perception of an individual with no reasoning behind it. So, it
can be rejected as a ‘weak’ argument.

Dictionary (Alphabet) tests- 5 (Today Words)

WORDS	MEANING
1.Erudite	Well-educated
2.Facile	Easy
3. Fastidious	Hard to please, careful attention
4.Fatuous	Stupid
5.Frivolous	silly

Course of Action-How to Approach (5-Marks)

What Course(s) of Action? 

1. The candidate should assume everything given in the statement to be always true and then choose the correct course of action.

2. Mostly questions will be based in Indian context, so consider the socio-economic condition of India while choosing the correct course of action. 

Situation 1

Statement The health conditions of the street vendors are deteriorating day-by-day.

Courses of Action 

I. Government should introduce an insurance scheme for them. 

II. Government should introduce a free-of-cost check up scheme for them.

Both courses of action are favorable considering the socio-economic conditions of the street vendors. They can not afford the high medical costs.

3. Here you can use your general awareness in determining whether a suggested action reduces or solves the problem or not. 

Situation 2

Statement You are District Magistrate of an area. Some villagers are demonstrating slogans in front of your office.

Courses of Action 

I. You should order the Police to fire tear gas.

I. You should try to talk to the villagers and mitigate the situation. 

I can aggravate the situation further. Course of action II can solve the problem and is most feasible solution.

4. You have to consider the established facts and prevailing notion of truth while deciding the correct course of action.

Situation 3 

Statement: Den gue has been spreading rapidly in Delhi.

Courses of Action 

I. Anti-mosquito liquids should be sprayed.

II. People should use mosquito-repellants.

Both I and II are the feasible actions as it is biologically established fact that dengue can be prevented by using safeguards against mosquitoes.

5. Think of yourself as the officer-in-charge concerned, who has to take the decision impartially.

6. If the sale and demand of any product is decreasing, then the advisable courses of action are such as to woo the new clients and customers.

Situation 4

Statement The demands of two wheelers are decreasing day-by-day. 

Courses of Action 

I. Companies should start manufacturing four wheelers.

II. Companies should reduce the market price of two wheelers. 

 
I is not advisable. II is advisable as it is an action, which can lure the customers and hence there will be an increase in the demand.

7. Impractical courses of action are not advisable. 

Situation 5 

Statement Financial inclusion process should be accelerated.

Courses of Action

 I. Government should open banks in all villages whether small or big

.
II. Government should take the help of private enterprises to accelerate the process.

I is not a feasible course of action as it is not practical and advisable. II is a practical and affordable course of action.

8. If any direction is given by the courts, then the possible courses of action are the various steps taken by the government to execute that direction.

Situation 6

Statement Court has declared Salwa Judum’ as an unethical and illegal system.

Courses of Action 

I. Government should ban ‘Salwa Judum’.

II. Government should file a case to review decision.

Here both courses of action are the outcomes of the courts decisions and the steps taken by the Government thereafter. But as both the courses of action are of opposing nature. So, either I or II is a feasible action.

9. Any negative or harsh course of action which can aggravate the situation is not the advisable course of action.

Situation 7

Statement: The parents of majority of the students of the local public school have decided to withdraw their wards from the schools to protest against the sharp fee hike

.
Courses of Action

 I. The school authority should start a dialogue with the parents and explain them the
circumstances under which the fees had to be hiked.

II. The school authority should immediately scout for new students to fill the vacancy.

II is a harsh course of action and hence is not advisable, I is advisable as this action can make the situation calm.

10. The course of action, which can reduce the problem and which can pacify the situation is advisable

.

11. Any course of action which is desirable on humanitarian grounds is the advisable course of action.

Situation 8

Statement Tribal people are agitating in front of the Parliament for the Amendment of the forest rules.

 Courses of Action 

I. Government should consider the case and assure them to look into their demands

.
II. Government should not worry about the situation.

I is advisable as it will help in pacifying the situation and smoothening the condition. Also, it is desirable on humanitarian grounds. II is not advisable.

12. Previous experiences can be applied to take actions, if some similar type of situations arise.

Situation 9

Statement India is gravely endangered by opening its market for foreign investment.

Courses of Action

I. Efforts should be made to keep a check on foreign investors

.
II. India should allow all foreign investments.

Past experiences tell that India has fallen victim to foreign investments, only when it has opened its market for foreign investment, without checks.
So I is a required course of action. II is exaggerating the problem.

13. When the government takes any action, it is necessary that people are made aware of that action.

Situation 10 

Statement Government has decided to declare Tuberculosis as a notifiable disease.

Courses of Action

 I. Efforts should be made to register all cases of Tuberculosis.

II. The message should be propagated through media so that private doctors and people become aware about the action.

Both I and II are right courses of action. Government has taken the action for the people, so it is necessary that people are made aware. Also, efforts should be made to make the action successful.

14. All feasible actions should comply with the constitutional obligations and should not violate the Fundamental Rights. 

Situation 11

Statement- Most of the children in India are not able to get education because they get employed to earn livelihood in their childhood only

.
Courses of Action

 I. Employment of children below the age of 18 years should be banned

.
II, Free and compulsory education should be provided for all children up to the age of 14

.
Both courses of action I and II are constitutional obligations. Both, in fact, are Fundamental Rights.